The context of Motivation in Public Organizations
Sharp constraints on public workers that limit their motivation and ability to develop their organization.
Vague goals, both for individual jobs and for the organization; a weak sense of personal significance within the organization on the part of employees (Employees feel like they are no more than components in the organizat
Morality
We may think the Values, which are central to moral issue, are relative to personal or cultural preferences because of the relativity of truth. However, the non-relativity of truth does not imply the non-relativity of value. It is easy to think disagreement over a value in this respect like that between Julie and John concerning chocolate versus vanilla ice cream. We cannot prove that m
moral))인 서비스를 실행한다.(cited in Gordon, 1995)
4) 장학(supervision)의 전통적 접근
① 역사적으로 장학은 감시와 통제로 이루어졌으며, 교사들의 관계가 동등하지 않았음.
② 교사들이 생각하는 전통적 수업 장학(instructional supervision)의 함축(association)적 의미
→ Dog and pony show(겉만 번지르르한), Jumping thr
20세기 초 위대한 리더(great man)에 관한 이론은 특성이론(trait theories)로 발전되었다.
Trait : 한 개인의 능력, 동기 또는 행동의 패턴을 포함하는 일반적인 특성을 지칭한다.
20세기 중반까지 Trait 이론들은 리더는 다른 사람들과 구분되는 특성이 있다고 주장해 왔다.
20세기 중반 Ralph stogdill 이 그때까지
Jean Piaget(1896–1980)
Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher
the Director of the International Bureau of Education
the International Center for Genetic Epistemology
genetic epistemology
(cognitive development)
2-1 . Features of cognitive development
Assimilation
:the process of accepting a new scheme
based on the original scheme
Equilibration
:the proce
1.2.2. The Law of Requisite Variety
The Law of Requisite Variety says that the number of different states of a system’s control mechanism must be higher than or at least equal to the number of (possible) different states in the system being controlled, in order to guarantee stability. But in reality, the variety of the environment is larger than the variety of the organization.
Stafford Beer
Interview analysis
First interviewer is a 7th public servant in Daejeon region government. She is 32years old and worked since 2005. She said public servants have various characteristics. Not all the people have special motivation, but some of public servants have it. They are very keen at their task and have sense of duty. They are always worried if they make some mistake, citizens will take in
we guess motivation high and low public official have difference
First, the degree of hardness of two examine is very difference
Second, they work in different position
PSM
Public Service Motivation
James Perry and Lois Wise(1990) defined PSM as “an individual’s predisposition to respond to motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions and organizations.”
3) Sensitivity to the Environment
In 2000, Apple experienced a rapid decrease in profit due to weakened iMac computers. Steven Jobs sought a new opportunity for growth and he found one in mp3 player market. Though the growth of the market was slowing down, he understood that people increasingly want to keep music closely and value emotional aspects in their lives. He identified these customers
3. Brief Introduction of Two major Schools: Realism and Neo-Liberalism
As the table shown above, realism and liberalism start from different viewpoints. As a result, two rational theories come to a distinct conclusion when it comes to judging international regimes. Even though their basic assumptions are going to largely coincide with each other during the academic neo-neo debate, views on inte